The evolution of competition in innovation resource: a theoretical study based on Lotka–Volterra model

This research uses the Lotka–Volterra model to analyse the competition of innovation resource between two enterprises and studies the dynamic effects of environmental changes through the change of model parameters. The research finds that there are three possible results of the competition in innovation resource. That comprises ‘crowding out effect’, ‘unstable equilibrium’ and ‘stable equilibrium’. The results of competitive evolution are determined by enterprises’ interaction parameters. However, the natural growth rates, the initial resource possessions of both enterprises and the amount of regional innovation resource have a significant impact on the evolution of competition.     

USING LEGISLATION TO REDUCE ONE‐TIME PLASTIC BAG USAGE

Plastic bag litter generates serious environmental concerns and poses a risk to wildlife. As this does not seem to be a problem which can be resolved by the private sector alone, or by ‘Coasean’ negotiation, legislation is proposed, particularly focusing on ‘one‐use’ bags. This article surveys legislation worldwide, while concentrating on lessons from the United States and the United Kingdom. The issues are more complex than is often assumed. While environmentalists argue for restriction and ultimate elimination of one‐use bags, manufacturers, especially those that have reformulated the composition of their bags, see legislation as an overreaction to a problem that is already being addressed within the industry. They cite evidence that, when used within a comprehensive recycling programme, plastic bags are not only cost‐effective but a sound use of our limited resources. Bans or restrictions can have knock‐on effects which can create new problems.     

Competing technologies and industry evolution: The benefits of making mistakes in the flat panel display industry

This article investigates the post‐entry implications of pre‐entry technological choices made during the uncertain period before a dominant design. Building on work on technological dynamics and organizational inertia, I argue that too early commitments to the winning technology may impede the ability to bring the best product to market, but delaying investment too long limits the ability to accumulate useful knowledge. Using data from the evolution of the flat panel display industry from 1965 to 2005, the study shows empirical support for the two theoretical mechanisms and offers the surprising result that firms starting in the losing technology before switching outperform other firms in terms of product value. Switching, while difficult behaviorally in recovering from failure, both delays difficult‐to‐reverse technological commitments and develops market knowledge. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国未来几年技能型紧缺人才状况与趋势分析

通过我国目前技能型紧缺人才的现状分析,对未来几年技能型紧缺人才的状况与演变趋势加以研究和讨论,进一步提出我国的技能型人才的短缺已成为制约我国经济发展的瓶颈。     

农作物秸秆综合利用和禁烧管理国家法规综述与立法建议

[目的]梳理秸秆综合利用和禁烧管理方面的法律、行政法规和规章,提出秸秆综合利用和禁烧管理的立法建议,为完善相关法规,从法律上保障秸秆综合利用水平的持续提高和秸秆禁烧管理工作的顺利开展提供相关建议。[方法]在系统梳理相关资料、文献的基础上,就国家现行法律和行政规章对秸秆综合利用的明文规定、对秸秆利用相关产业发展的规定进行综述,并就相关法律、规章对农作物秸秆禁烧的明文规定、秸秆禁烧治安管理和秸秆故意焚烧犯罪量刑的法律依据等进行归纳分析。最后,通过分析中国现行法规和行政指导文件在秸秆综合利用与秸秆禁烧管理方面存在的欠缺,提出必要的修订建议。[结果]随着时间的推移,我国法律对秸秆综合利用的规定日渐具体和完善。但直到目前,这些法律对秸秆综合利用的规定仍然缺失。有必要加快立法进程,完善相关法律、法规。[结论]建议对涉及秸秆利用方面的某些法规进行必要的修订;制定《耕地质量保护条例》,并将秸秆还田作为耕地质量保护的必要技术手段;对秸秆禁烧区外的秸秆限制焚烧从国家层面作出明确规定;借鉴国外经验,制定《生物质能条例》。     

基于投入视角的河南省农业碳排放时空演化特征与影响因素分解

[目的]对河南省农业碳排放进行测算,并分析其时空演化特征与影响因素,可为实现低碳农业发展提供依据。[方法]基于农业生产中翻耕、灌溉、化肥、农药、农膜和农用柴油等6个方面碳源,采用碳转化系数法、标准差、变异系数与探索性空间分析方法 (ESDA)对河南省1993~2015年的农业碳排放及其时空演变进行了分析。运用LMDI模型对河南省农业碳排放影响因素进行分解。[结果]河南省农业碳排放量和排放强度总体上均呈上升趋势,年均增速分别为4.32%和3.72%。河南省农业碳排放量空间分布呈较为明显的集聚特征,主要年份高碳排放区集中于豫东南地区;碳排放强度多为Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级水平,空间分布更为均衡。23年来,河南省各地农业碳排放量和排放强度的相对差异与绝对差异整体上均呈扩大趋势,农业碳排放量的集聚趋势更为明显,高碳排放区域有向豫东南和豫北地区进一步集聚的趋势,农业碳排放强度趋向于均衡化发展。生产效率、劳动力和结构因素对碳排放有抑制作用,而农业经济发展因素对碳排放具有促进作用。[结论]未来河南省还须进一步采取措施,有效实现农业碳减排。     

酒店行业协会的运行机制及其变迁——以广州地区酒店行业协会为例

行业协会在酒店业发展进程中发挥越来越大的作用,但在国内现行条件下,行业协会发展面临多重困难。文章以广州地区酒店行业协会为案例,采用实地调查和深度访谈的方法,讨论行业协会的运行机制及其变迁。研究认为,第一,"政会不分"是目前行业协会管理的主要问题,政府应创新行业协会管理机制,加快"政会分开"的进程,推进部分行业职能向协会转移;第二,酒店行业协会应大胆创新,依据地区、行业发展环境动态调整组织架构,丰富协会职能发挥,以此达到激活协会运行机制的目标。基于此,酒店行业协会可以更好地为会员酒店服务,提升行业专业化管理水平。     

京津冀城市群耦合协调发展及时空演化研究

本文通过构建城市系统指标体系，运用熵权赋值法和耦合协调度模型，测度和分析了2005~2015 年京津冀城市群经济--科技--人口--土地的综合发展水平、协调关系及演化特征。研究表明，从时序看，京津冀城市群经济、科技、人口与土地基本处于低级耦合协调状态，人口发展和土地扩张仍是经济发展的主导模式，而科技系统发展持续低迷，创新驱动格局尚未形成。从空间看，京津冀各城市耦合协调水平整体提升，逐渐形成以北京、天津为中心，沿京津发展轴、京保石发展轴蔓延的协调发展格局，而城市各系统协调发展呈现空间分异特征，“协调高地”与“协调失灵”局面并存。因此，应大力实施创新驱动战略，加快形成人口多中心分布格局，强化土地利用协调管理，促进区域经济、科技、人口、土地协调发展。     

我国区域农业生态文明及其协调度的时空分异研究——以典型省份为例

农业生态文明是我国生态文明建设的重要组成部分。由于我国区域自然生态条件、社会经济发展水平差异明显,农业生态文明的各项支撑要素也存在显著差异。文章在构建我国农业生态文明指数评价指标体系的基础上,基于离差系数原理构建区域农业生态文明协调度评价模型,选取黑龙江、河南、四川作为典型区域,运用2007~2013年统计数据,对3个省的农业生态文明指数及其协调度进行评价,并分析其各子系统支撑作用的演化特征。研究认为,我国开展生态文明建设以来,3个典型省农业生态文明指数及协调度均得到了显著提升,且均已先后进入"良好协调"阶段,但农业生态文明各子系统支撑作用演化的时空分异明显。因此,在推进农业生态文明建设过程中,应充分认识不同区域的发展水平、优势条件及薄弱环节,把握发展规律与特点,因地制宜、因区施策,提高农业产业发展与资源环境、社会经济条件的匹配度,改善和提升农业供给侧水平。     

Social housing in France: A permanent and multifaceted challenge for public policies

This paper examines the dynamics of the overwhelmingly generous social housing in France that covers a wide spectrum of recipients. Being influenced by electoral power of rotating ruling parties and social ideals, policy formulations are often reflected by idealistic politics which tends to over-stretch the nation’s budget and restrict its scope in reaching its target groups. From the 1990s, fund availability has been further hit by economic globalization causing falling business profitability and high unemployment rates affecting notably ethnic minorities. Upcoming social crisis has been met with public response via a series of technical-led remedial acts to promote social integration in housing and by identifying social ills and polarization in sensitive and problematic urban quarters. New technical and financial measures in coping with the complexity and magnitude of social housing are expected to remain highly challenging in the French parliamentary politics.